The restraint strategies in response to the global COVID-19 pandemic have impacted various lifestyle habits, such as social relationships, mobility, and sleep, with implications for mental health. There were also restrictions on international travel, with borders closed to non-essential travel and mandatory quarantine for those arriving from outside the country. The lockdown regulations also included a ban on gatherings of more than two people, a requirement for people to cover their mouths and noses in public places, and a limit on the number of people allowed in shops and on public transport. This was followed by a series of regulations and restrictions, including the closure of schools, universities, cultural institutions, restaurants, and non-essential shops. In March 2020, the Polish government declared a state of epidemic threat throughout the country. To prevent transmission of the virus and limit the outbreak, governments and public health systems adopted extraordinary measures, which changed the daily routines and social relationships of millions of people. In the wake of the declaration of the COVID-19 pandemic, social isolation and lockdown were some of the main concerns due to their potentially dangerous consequences, such as the likelihood of developing symptoms of depression and/or anxiety. Daily worries related to these 21st-century issues are concerning in terms of the psychological maladjustment and impaired well-being of those who experience individual distress. Next to climate change, depletion of natural resources, and wars, the COVID-19 pandemic negatively affects our mental health and is one of the greatest challenges of our time. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: The authors have uploaded the anonymized data set that is necessary to replicate the study findings to a public repository RODBUK, URL: DOI: 10.57903/UJ/DPIPJO.įunding: “This study and publication have been funded by the Priority Research Area FutureSoc and qLife under the program “Excellence Initiative – Research University” at the Jagiellonian University in Krakow and it was supported by a grant from the Faculty of Management and Social Communication under the Strategic Programme Excellence Initiative at Jagiellonian University.” The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Received: JanuAccepted: ApPublished: May 18, 2023Ĭopyright: © 2023 Mojsa-Kaja et al. From a clinical perspective, the results suggest that implementing therapeutic components that address social isolation in insomnia treatment programs may prevent the development of depression and anxiety symptoms among young men.Ĭitation: Mojsa-Kaja J, Szklarczyk-Smolana K, Niedzielska-Andres E, Kurpińska A, Suraj-Prażmowska J, Walczak M (2023) COVID-19-related social isolation and symptoms of depression and anxiety in young men in Poland: Does insomnia mediate the relationship? PLoS ONE 18(5):Įditor: Christian Napoli, Sapienza University of Rome, ITALY The current findings emphasize the role of insomnia in the relationships between social isolation experienced during COVID-19 and negative emotional states. The results show that insomnia mediates the relationships between social isolation and both anxiety and depression. Data were collected by means of self-report questionnaires, including The Social Isolation Index, The Athens Insomnia Scale, The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-S) and Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI-II). The study was conducted among young (M±SD 24.08☓.75) men (N = 1025) in Poland. Therefore, the main goal of the present study was to examine whether insomnia could constitute a mediation mechanism that explains the relationship between social isolation experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic and mental health outcomes (depression and anxiety) reported up to 1.5 years later. Previous research has shown that young adults are particularly vulnerable to psychological stress caused by social isolation, the negative psychological impact of the pandemic, and greater frequency and severity of sleep problems. The need for physical distancing due to COVID-19 mitigation efforts forced prolonged social isolation, which may affect sleep and lead to mental health problems.
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